Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis (CRMO)

CRMO is an auto-inflammatory disorder, meaning the immune system attacks the bones causing inflammation, even though there is no infection. A small fraction of people with CRMO have a genetic component. Some families have more than one person with CRMO.

Bone pain is the most common symptom. There is usually tenderness at the affected site (it hurts to be pushed on). The pain can cause the person to avoid using the affected body part. Some people with CRMO can develop arthritis (joint swelling). Fatigue is common during active disease.

Diagnosis is based on exam, imaging (such as x-rays, bone scan or MRI), bone biopsy, and laboratory (blood) tests. Lab tests are normal in most people, but can show anemia (blood doesn’t carry enough oxygen through your body) and elevated markers of inflammation (ESR, CRP) in others. Bone that has been altered or damaged can be seen on x-ray, bone scan and MRI. MRI is the most sensitive type of imaging to find signs of CRMO. Bone biopsy may be needed to rule out infection or cancer. The biopsy in CRMO usually shows acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term) inflammation.

Treatment of CRMO depends on how severe it is and which bones it affects. Some people respond to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs), such as naproxen, meloxicam or indomethacin. These medications can cause stomach upset and easy bruising. People on these medications long-term should have lab monitoring for liver and kidney function.

People with continued pain and active bone lesions can require stronger immunosuppressive medications, such as methotrexate. Methotrexate can cause nausea and requires regular lab monitoring. It can be dangerous in people who drink alcohol and can cause birth defects if taken during pregnancy.

Additional treatment options include biologic medications, such as etanercept, adalimumab or anakinra, which are injectable medications, or infliximab, which is an IV infusion. Methotrexate and biologic medications are immunosuppressive. People taking these medicines are at an increased risk of infection and should be evaluated by a doctor if they develop fever or symptoms of infection. People must be screened for tuberculosis (TB) prior to starting biologic medications.

Bisphosphonates such as pamidronate and zoledronic acid are another type of treatment for CRMO. These medicines are IV infusions used to treat bone conditions such as osteoporosis. Bisphosphonates can cause flu-like symptoms for a few days after the infusion.

CRMO is monitored by following symptoms and imaging studies. MRI is the best way to assess resolution of active bone lesions and/or detect new lesions.

For people with CRMO, life often involves taking medications and having follow-up visits with a rheumatologist. Depending on which bones are affected, some people need to limit activities to prevent serious injury or bone damage. People with spine involvement are at risk for serious injury if spine fracture occurs. People with CRMO should discuss activity restrictions with their doctor.

It is possible for CRMO to go away either for a short period of time or permanently in some people. For others, even though CRMO is controlled, chronic pain (amplified musculoskeletal pain) that does not respond to medications can develop. This type of pain may require treatment in a pain clinic.