This resource is continually developed as additional references, links, and downloadable files become available for inclusion.

Note that the American College of Rheumatology is not the originator of many of these disease activity measures, indices, questionnaires, and criteria. Inclusion of a reference in this bibliography should not be construed as an endorsement by the ACR, except as indicated otherwise. This bibliography is not intended to be exhaustive; however, new references will be added from time to time.

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• Self-Esteem Scale:
  Rosenberg M. Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 1965.
• Seven-Day Physical Activity Recall Questionnaire:
  Blair SN, Haskell WL, Ho P, Paffenbarger RS Jr, Vranizan KM, Farquhar JW, et al. Assessment of habitual physical activity by a seven-day recall in a community survey and controlled experiments. Am J Epidemiol 1985;122:794–804.
• Shipley Institute of Living Scale:
  Shipley WC. Shipley Institute of Living Scale. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services; 1986.
• Short Form 12 (SF-12) Health Survey:
  Ware JE, Kosinski M, Keller SD. A 12-item Short Form health survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity. Med Care 1996;34:220-33.
• Short Form 36 (SF-36) Health Survey [also called Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36]:
  Ware JE Jr, Snow KK, Kosinski M, Gandek B. SF-36 health survey: manual and interpretation guide. Boston: The Health Institute, New England Medical Center; 1993.
  or
  Ware JE Jr, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-item Short-Form health survey (SF-36). 1. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care 1992;30:473-83.
• Sickness Impact Profile (SIP):
  Bergner M, Bobbitt RA, Kressel S, Pollard WE, Gilson BS, Morris JR. The Sickness Impact Profile: conceptual formulation and methodology for the development of a health status measure. Int J Health Serv 1976;6:393-415.
  or the Revision
  Bergner M, Bobbitt RA, Carter WB, Gilson BS. The Sickness Impact Profile: development and final revision of a health status measure. Med Care 1981;19:787-805.
• Sjögren's Syndrome (SS):
  • Criteria for SS:
    • ACR Criteria for SS:
      Fox RI, Robinson CA, Curd JG, Kozin F, Howell FV. Sjögren's syndrome: proposed criteria for classification. Arthritis Rheum 1986;29:577-85.
    • ACR Criteria for SS, Consensus Approach by the SICCA Research Groups:
      Shiboski SC, Shiboski CH, Criswell LA, Baer AN, Challacombe S, Lanfranchi H, et al, for the Sjögren's International Collaborative Clinical Alliance (SICCA) Research Groups. American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for Sjögren's syndrome: a data-driven, expert consensus approach in the Sjögren's International Collaborative Clinical Alliance Cohort. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2012;64:475–87.
    • American–European Consensus Group Criteria for SS:
      Vitali C, Bombardieri S, Jonsson R, Moutsopoulos HM, Alexander EL, Carsons SE, et al, and the European Study Group on Classification Criteria for Sjögren’s Syndrome. Classification criteria for Sjögren’s syndrome: a revised version of the European criteria proposed by the American-European Consensus Group. Ann Rheum Dis 2002;61:554–8.
    • Copenhagen Criteria for SS:
      Manthorpe R, Oxholm P, Prause JU, Schiodt M. The Copenhagen criteria for Sjögren’s syndrome. Scand J Rheumatol Suppl 1986;61:19–21.
    • Diagnosis and Treatment of SS in the Elderly:
      Ng KP, Isenberg DA. Sjögren’s syndrome: diagnosis and therapeutic challenges in the elderly. Drugs Aging 2008;25:19–33.
    • European Classification Criteria for SS [These are the criteria that were revised by the American–European Consensus Group, as shown above]:
      Vitali C, Bombardieri S, Moutsopoulos HM, Coll J, Gerli R, Hatron PY, et al, and the European Study Group on Diagnostic Criteria for Sjögren’s Syndrome. Assessment of the European classification criteria for Sjögren’s syndrome in a series of clinically defined cases: results of a prospective multicentre study. Ann Rheum Dis 1996;55:116–21.
    • European Study Group Criteria for SS:
      Vitali C, Bombardieri S, Moutsopoulos HM, Balestrieri G, Bencivelli W, Bernstein RM, et al, the European Study Group on Diagnostic Criteria for Sjögren's Syndrome. Preliminary criteria for the classification of Sjögren's syndrome: results of a prospective concerted action supported by the European Community. Arthritis Rheum 1993;36:340-7.
      or
      Vitali C, Moutsopoulos HM, Bombardieri S, and the European Community Study Group on Diagnostic Criteria for Sjögren’s Syndrome. Sensitivity and specificity of tests for ocular and oral involvement in Sjögren’s syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 1994;53:637–47.
    • International Classification Criteria for SS, Revised:
      Fox RI. Sjögren's syndrome. Lancet 2005;366:321–31.
    • Japanese Criteria for SS:
      Homma M, Tojo T, Akizuki M, Yamagata H. Criteria for Sjögren's syndrome in Japan. Scand J Rheumatol Suppl 1986;61:26-7.
  • EULAR Sjögren’s Syndrome Disease Activity Index (ESSDAI):
    Seror R, Ravaud P, Bowman SJ, Baron G, Tzioufas A, Theander E, et al, on behalf of the EULAR Sjögren’s Task Force. EULAR Sjögren’s Syndrome Disease Activity Index: development of a consensus systemic disease activity index for primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:1103–9.
  • Grading of Labial Salivary Gland Biopsies in SS:
    • Chisholm and Mason Scale for Grading Labial Salivary Gland Biopsies:
      Chisholm DM, Mason DK. Labial salivary gland biopsy in Sjögren's disease. J Clin Pathol 1968; 21:656-60.
    • Histopathology in Labial Salivary Gland Biopsies [Focus Scores]:
      Greenspan JS, Daniels TE, Talal N, Sylvester RA. The histopathology of Sjögren's syndrome in labial salivary gland biopsies. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1974;37:217-29.
• Sleep Problems Scale:
  Jenkins CD, Stanton BA, Niemcryk SJ, Rose RM. A scale for the estimation of sleep problems in clinical research. J Clin Epidemiol 1988;41:313–21.
• Spondylarthropathy (SpA):
  • Criteria for SpA:
    • European Spondylarthropathy Study Group (ESSG) Criteria for SpA:
      Dougados M, van der Linden S, Juhlin R, Huitfeldt B, Amor B, Calin A, et al, and the European Spondylarthropathy Study Group. The European Spondylarthropathy Study Group preliminary criteria for the classification of spondylarthropathy. Arthritis Rheum 1991;34:1218-27.
    • Amor Criteria for SpA:
      Amor B, Dougados M, Mijiyawa M. Critère de classification des spondylarthropathies. Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic 1990;57:85-9.
• State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI):
  Spielberger CD, Gorsuch RL, Lushene RE. Self-evaluation questionnaire, STAI form X-1. Palo Alto (CA): Consulting Psychologists Press; 1970.
• Still’s Disease (see Adult Still’s Disease)
• Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R):
  Derogatis LR. SCL-90 revised version manual-I. Baltimore: Clinical Psychometrics Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; 1983.
• Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE):
  • ACR Criteria for SLE:
    • 1982 Revised Criteria for SLE:
      Tan EM, Cohen AS, Fries JF, Masi AT, McShane DJ, Rothfield NF, et al. The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1982;25:1271-7.
    • 1997 Update of the SLE Revised Criteria:
      Hochberg MC. for the Diagnostic and Therapeutic Criteria Committee of the American College of Rheumatology.  Updating the American College of Rheumatology revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus [letter]. Arthritis Rheum 1997;40:1725.
    • Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) Criteria for SLE [a revision and validation of the ACR criteria for SLE]:
      Petri M, Orbai AM, Alarcon GS, Gordon C, Merrill JT, Fortin PR, et al. Derivation and validation of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2012;64:2677–86.
  • ACR Criteria for Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (NPSLE):
    ACR Ad Hoc Committee on Neuropsychiatric Lupus Nomenclature. The American College of Rheumatology nomenclature and case definitions for neuropsychiatric lupus syndromes. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:599-608.
  • ACR Criteria for Steroid-Sparing Interventions in SLE:
    Ad Hoc Working Group on Steroid-Sparing Criteria in Lupus. Criteria for steroid-sparing ability of interventions in systemic lupus erythematosus: report of a consensus meeting. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:3427–31.
  • ACR Response Criteria for SLE Clinical Trials:
    • Measures of Overall Disease Activity:
      American College of Rheumatology Ad Hoc Committee on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Response Criteria. The American College of Rheumatology response criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus clinical trials: measures of overall disease activity. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:3418–26.
    • Criteria for Proliferative and Membranous Renal Disease:
      Renal Disease Subcommittee of the American College of Rheumatology Ad Hoc Committee on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Response Criteria. The American College of Rheumatology response criteria for proliferative and membranous renal disease in systemic lupus erythematosus clinical trials. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:421–32.
  • Juvenile SLE:
    • PRINTO/ACR Provisional Criteria for Response to Therapy in Juvenile SLE:
      Ruperto N, Ravelli A, Oliveira S, Alessio M, Mihaylova D, Pasic S, et al, for the Pediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organization (PRINTO) and the Pediatric Rheumatology Collaborative Study Group (PRCSG). The Pediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organization/American College of Rheumatology provisional criteria for the evaluation of response to therapy in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus: prospective validation of the definition of improvement. Arthritis Rheum 2006;55:355–63.
    • Preliminary Criteria for Global Flare in Childhood-Onset SLE:
      Brunner HI, Mina R, Pilkington C, Beresford MW, Reiff A, Levy DM, et al. Preliminary criteria for global flares in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2011;63:1213–23.
  • ACR Guidelines/Recommendations for SLE:
    • ACR Guidelines for Referral and Management of SLE in Adults:
      American College of Rheumatology Ad Hoc Committee on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Guidelines. Guidelines for referral and management of systemic lupus erythematosus in adults. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:1785–96.
    • ACR Guidelines for Screening, Treatment, Management of Lupus Nephritis:
      Hahn BH, McMahon MA, Wilkinson A, Wallace WD, Daikh DI, FitzGerald JD, et al. American College of Rheumatology Guidelines for Screening, Treatment, and Management of Lupus Nephritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2012;64:797–808.
  • Measures of Disease Activity in SLE:
    • British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG):
      Symmons DP, Coppock JS, Bacon PA, Bresnihan B, Isenberg DA, Maddison P, et al, and Members of the British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG). Development and assessment of a computerized index of clinical disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Q J Med 1988;69:927-37.
      or
      Hay EM, Bacon PA, Gordon C, Isenberg DA, Maddison P, Snaith ML, et al. The BILAG index: a reliable and valid instrument for measuring clinical disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Q J Med 1993;86:447–58.
    • 2004 Update of the BILAG (The BILAG 2004):
      Isenberg DA, Rahman A, Allen E, Farewell V, Akil M, Bruce IN, et al. BILAG 2004: development and initial validation of an updated version of the British Isles Lupus Assessment Group's disease activity index for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005;44:902–6.
    • European Consensus Lupus Activity Measure (ECLAM):
      Vitali C, Bencivelli W, Isenberg DA, Smolen JS, Snaith ML, Sciuto M, et al, and The European Consensus Study Group for Disease Activity in SLE. Disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus: report of the Consensus Study Group of the European Workshop for Rheumatology Research. II. Identification of the variables indicative of disease activity and their use in the development of an activity score. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1992;10:541-7.
    • Lupus Activity Criteria Count (LACC):
      Urowitz MB, Gladman DD, Tozman EC, Goldsmith CH. The lupus activity criteria count (LACC). J Rheumatol 1984;11:783-7.
    • Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI):
      • SLEDAI:
        Bombardier C, Gladman DD, Urowitz MB, Caron D, Chang DH, and the Committee on Prognosis Studies in SLE. Derivation of the SLEDAI: a disease activity index for lupus patients. Arthritis Rheum 1992;35:630-40.
      • 2000 Update of the SLEDAI (The SLEDAI-2K):
        Gladman DD, Ibanez D, Urowitz MB: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000. J Rheumatol 2002;29:288–91.
      • Adjusted Mean SLEDAI (AMS):
        Ibanez D, Urowitz MB, Gladman DD: Summarizing disease features over time. I. Adjusted mean SLEDAI derivation and application to an index of disease activity in lupus. J Rheumatol 2003;30:1977–82.
      • Mexican Modification of the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (MEX-SLEDAI):
        Guzman J, Cardiel MH, Arce-Salinas A, Sanchez-Guerrero J, Alarcon-Segovia D. Measurement of disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus: prospective validation of 3 clinical indices. J Rheumatol 1992;19:1551-8.
      • Safety of Estrogens in Lupus Erythematosus National Assessment (SELENA) version of the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI), or the SELENA–SLEDAI:
        Petri M, Kim MY, Kalunian KC, Grossman J, Hahn BH, Sammaritano LR, et al, for the OC-SELENA Trial. Combined oral contraceptives in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med 2005;353:2550–8.
    • Systemic Lupus Activity Measure (SLAM):
      Liang MH, Socher SA, Larson MG, Schur PH. Reliability and validity of six systems for the clinical assessment of disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1989;32:1107-18.
    • Systemic Lupus Activity Measure Revised (SLAM-R):
      Bae SC, Koh HK, Chang DK, Kim MH, Park JK, Kim SY. Reliability and validity of Systemic Lupus Activity Measure-Revised (SLAM-R) for measuring clinical disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2001;10:405–9.
    • Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology (SLICC/ACR) SLE Damage Index (SDI):
      Gladman D, Ginzler E, Goldsmith C, Fortin P, Liang M, Urowitz M, et al. The development and initial validation of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1996;39:363-9.
      and/or
      Gladman DD, Urowitz MB, Goldsmith CH, Fortin P, Ginzler E, Gordon C, et al. The reliability of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1997;40:809-13.
    • Proposed Pediatric Version of the SLICC/ACR Damage Index:
      Gutierrez-Suarez R, Ruperto N, Gastaldi R, Pistorio A, Felici E, Burgos-Vargas R, et al, for the Pediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organization (PRINTO). A proposal for a pediatric version of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index based on the analysis of 1,015 patients with juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:2989–96.
• Histologic Assessment of Lupus Nephritis:
• Activity and Chronicity of Lupus Nephritis:
  Austin HA III, Boumpas DT, Vaughan EM, Balow JE. Predicting renal outcomes in severe lupus nephritis: contributions of clinical and histologic data. Kidney Int 1994;45:544–550.
• World Health Organization (WHO) Histologic Classification of Lupus Nephritis:
  Appel GB, Silva FG, Pirani CL, Meltzer JI, Estes D. Renal involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): a study of 56 patients emphasizing histologic classification. Medicine (Baltimore) 1978;57:371–410.
• World Health Organization (WHO) Histologic Classification of Lupus Nephritis Revised Criteria:
  Weening JJ, D'Agati VD, Schwartz MM, Seshan SV, Alpers CE, Appel GB, et al, on behalf of the International Society of Nephrology and Renal Pathology Society Working Group on the Classification of Lupus Nephritis. The classification of glomerulonephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus revisited [published erratum appears in J Am Soc Nephrol 2004;15:835–6]. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004;15:241–50.
  or
  Weening JJ, D'Agati VD, Schwartz MM, Seshan SV, Alpers CE, Appel GB, et al, on behalf of the International Society of Nephrology and Renal Pathology Society Working Group on the Classification of Lupus Nephritis. The classification of glomerulonephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus revisited [published erratum appears in Kidney Int 2004;65:1132]. Kidney Int 2004;65:521–30.
• Systemic Sclerosis (SSc; Scleroderma):
  • Criteria for SSc:
    • ACR Preliminary Criteria for SSc:
      Subcommittee for Scleroderma Criteria of the American Rheumatism Association Diagnostic and Therapeutic Criteria Committee. Preliminary criteria for the classification of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Arthritis Rheum 1980;23:581-90.
    • Criteria for SSc Subsets [Limited Cutaneous (lcSSc) and Diffuse Cutaneous (dcSSc)]:
      LeRoy EC, Black C, Fleischmajer R, Jablonska S, Krieg T, Medsger TA Jr, et al. Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis): classification, subsets, and pathogenesis. J Rheumatol 1988;15:202-5.
    • Criteria for Early SSc:
      LeRoy EC, Medsger TA Jr. Criteria for the classification of early systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol 2001;28:1573–6.
    • PRES/ACR/EULAR Provisional Criteria for Juvenile SSc:
      Zulian F, Woo P, Athreya BH, Laxer RM, Medsger TA Jr, Lehman TJ, et al, for the Pediatric Rheumatology European Society/American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism Ad Hoc Committee on Classification Criteria for Juvenile Systemic Sclerosis. The Pediatric Rheumatology European Society/American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism provisional classification criteria for juvenile systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 2007;57:203–12.
    • Mayo Clinic Classification of Localized Scleroderma (Morphea):
      Peterson LS, Nelson AM, Su WP. Classification of morphea (localized scleroderma). Mayo Clin Proc 1995;70:1068–76.
  • Guidelines for Clinical Trials in SSc:
    White B, Bauer EA, Goldsmith LA, Hochberg MC, Katz LM, Korn JH, et al. Guidelines for clinical trials in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). I. Disease-modifying interventions. Arthritis Rheum 1995;38:351-60.
  • Consensus Core Set of Variables for SSc Studies:
    Valentini G, Medsger TA Jr, Silman AJ, Bombardieri S. Conclusion and identification of the core set of variables to be used in clinical investigations. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2003;21 Suppl 29:S47–8.
  • Medsger Severity Score in SSc:
    Medsger TA Jr, Bombardieri S, Czirjak L, Scorza R, Della Rossa A, Bencivelli W. Assessment of disease severity and prognosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2003;21 Suppl 29:S42–6.
  • Skin Scores in SSc:
    • Barnett Classification for Extent of Skin Sclerosis:
      Barnett AJ. Classification and course problems in classification. In: Kugelmass IN, editor. Scleroderma. Chicago: Charles C. Thomas; 1974. p. 71-93.
    • Modified Rodnan Skin Thickness Score (MRSS):
      Clements P, Lachenbruch P, Seibold J, White B, Weiner S, Martin R, et al. Inter and intraobserver variability of total skin thickness score (modified Rodnan TSS) in systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol 1995;22:1281-5.
      or
      Clements PJ, Lachenbruch PA, Seibold JR, Zee B, Steen VD, Brennan P, et al. Skin thickness score in systemic sclerosis: an assessment of interobserver variability in 3 independent studies. J Rheumatol 1993;20:1892-6.
      or
      Kahaleh MB, Sultany GL, Smith EA, Huffstutter JE, Loadholt CB, LeRoy EC. A modified scleroderma skin scoring method. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1986;4:367-9
    • UCLA Skin Score:
      Furst DE, Clements PJ, Hillis S, Lachenbruch PA, Miller BL, Sterz MG, et al. Immunosuppression with chlorambucil, versus placebo, for scleroderma: results of a three-year, parallel, randomized, double-blind study. Arthritis Rheum 1989;32:584-93.
  • Nailfold Capillaroscopy in Scleroderma and Related Disorders:
    Maricq HR. Widefield capillary microscopy: technique and rating scale of abnormalities seen in scleroderma and related disorders. Arthritis Rheum 1981;24:1159–65.
  • EULAR/EUSTAR Group Recommendations for the Treatment of SSc:
    Avouac J, Kowal-Bielecka O, Landewe R, Chwiesko S, Miniati I, Czirjak L, et al, and the EUSTAR Coauthors. European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) Scleroderma Trial and Research group (EUSTAR) recommendations for the treatment of systemic sclerosis: methods of elaboration and results of systematic literature research. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:629–34.

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